The Eurofighter 2000, or Eurofighter Typhoon as it's now known is a multinational effort by a number of European nations to produce a leading edge fighter aircraft for the next century.

The project has been dogged by political problems from the start which in turn have played a significant role in its delayed service entry date. Originally scheduled to enter service in the late 80's the first fighter is now scheduled to fly before the end of 2001.

Given the changing world situation and the availability of excellent cheap Russian aircraft, the Typhoon cannot arrive at a better time. And whatever it's critics may suggest the aircraft is anything but a failure.

Time-line 1972 RAF issues revised AST-403 for new fighter mid 70's UK, Germany and France initiate ECA 1977 BAe Jaguar ACT and MBB F104 CCV DFCS studies begin 1979 BAe/MBB propose ECF 1980 BAe initiates P.106 concept, MBB initiates TFK-90, France starts ACX 1981 Arguments lead to ECF's failure 1981 UK, France, Germany, Spain and Italy initiate future fighter project 1982 ACA formed by Panavia 1983 UK MoD, BAe, MBB and Aeritalia initiate EAP Dec 1983 UK, France, Germany, Spain and Italy start EFA project Oct 1985 EAP is towed out at BAe Warton Aug 1985 Panavia nations set France and Spain adrift and form new EFA project June 1986 Spain joins Panavia to form Eurofighter GmbH August 1986 EAP makes its first flight Sept 1986 EuroJet Turbo GmbH formed 1987 NEFMA created, ESR(D) finalised Nov 1988 Engine and airframe contracts signed 1990 ECR-90 contract awarded to EuroRADAR May 1991 EAP makes its last flight Mar 1992 Defence systems contract awarded to EuroDASS June 1992 Germany announces withdrawal from project Summer 1992 Various cheaper EFA designs examined Dec 1992 New EFA (N/EFA) given go ahead as Eurofighter 2000 Jan 1993 First trials of ECR-90A on a BAC-111 1993 DFCS re-checking delays first prototype flights March 1994 First flight of DASA DA1 April 1994 First flight of BAe DA2 Mid 1994 Phase one of flight trials complete June 1995 First flight of Alenia DA3 with EJ200-01A June 1995 DA2 appears at IAT Fairford June 1995 DA2 goes supersonic Oct 1995 Workshare problems arise Jan 1996 UK and Germany agree on new workshare Aug 1996 First flight of CASA DA6 two seater Sept 1996 UK announces funding of production phase Oct 1996 Spain confirms funding of production phase Nov 1996 Phase two of flight trials complete Jan 1997 First flight of Alenia DA7 Feb 1997 First flight of DASA DA5 with ECR-90C and EJ200-01C Mar 1997 First flight of BAe DA4 two seater Apr 1997 Production ready EJ200-03A given flight clearance July 1997 Germany approves interim funding for further work Oct 1997 Germany approves funding for production phase Oct 1997 500th flight of the DA prototypes by DASA DA5 Nov 1997 DASA DA1 attains M1.94, highest speed yet Nov 1997 BAe DA2 involved in ground refuelling trials Dec 1997 Following Germany, Italy approves purchase of Eurofighter 15th Dec 1997 Alenia DA7 launches AIM-9L 17th Dec 1997 Alenia DA7 launches AMRAAM 22nd Dec 1997 Production phase agreements signed by all 4 nations Dec 1997 Alenia DA3 carries two 1000 litre wing tanks 23rd Dec 1997 BAe DA2 reaches design goal speed of mach 2 over the Irish Sea 28th Dec 1997 UK press reports Eurofighter will be named Typhoon 12th Jan 1998 DA2 in air to air refuelling trials 29th Jan 1998 NETMA contracts signed worth $32b for 620 aircraft 16th Mar 1998 EuroRADAR (ECR-90) production contracts signed 20th May 1998 EuroDASS production investment contracts signed 2nd Sept 1998 Eurofighter 2000 named Typhoon for export markets 14th Sept 1998 Fatigue tests now completed @ 18000 hours 21st Sept 1998 Tranche-1 production contracts signed Jan 1999 First Eurofighter enters production Feb 1999 Greece selects Eurofighter Typhoon 18th May 1999 DA5 makes 1000th flight of the DA series

 'Initials'

The Eurofighter can trace its roots back to the early 1970's. The first rumblings of what would become Eurofighter came from AST-396 (Air Staff Target 396) issued by the RAF. This called for a STOVL (Short Take Off Vertical Landing) aircraft primarily to replace the SEPECAT Jaguar and Hawker-Siddely Harrier in the ground attack (mud moving) role. However, a rethink in 1972 gave rise to AST-403, calling for an air superiority fighter with STOVL capabilities. After discussions with France and Germany, AST-403 was further refined and the STOVL capability was dropped. Instead a separate requirement for a STOVL system, AST-409 was created eventually giving rise to the Harrier GR.5 (now the upgraded GR.7).

Following the redefinition of the Air Staff Target, a joint Anglo-French-German co-operative study was launched, titled the European Combat Aircraft, or ECA. This project aimed to produce an aircraft matching all the needs of the tri-national airforces. For Britain this meant a multi-role aircraft capable of replacing both the F-4 Phantom fighter and the SEPECAT Jaguar strike system, with an in-service date of around 1987. France required a small, lightweight carrier capable ground attack aircraft to replace the Jaguar but were less keen on a fighter which may compete with its Mirage programme. The earliest in-service date for any French aircraft was put at 1991. Finally, Germany were looking for an air superiority fighter to replace their Phantoms, they had little interest in a strike ability.

 ECF

In 1979, British Aerospace and MBB of Germany put forward a joint proposal to their respective governments for a European Combat Fighter (ECF). However, the budgetary constraints of funding Cold War military spending combined with other factors resulted in the project meeting limited enthusiasm. In an effort to offset costs, Britain and Germany insisted that other nations be involved. So, in 1980 BAe, MBB and Dassault of France joined forces on the ECF project.

Click image for large view BAe P.110 © BAE Systems

At the same time as the tri-national ECF was being studied each nation continued its own line of research. In the UK this involved BAe with its P.106 and subsequent P.110 projects. The P.110 was a twin engine aircraft with a cranked delta-canard wing layout and side mounted intakes. In Germany, MBB started the TFK-90 (Taktisches Kampf-flugzeug 90) project which was also a delta-canard design but with a ventral intake and twin fins. In France, Dassault had initiated the ACX project (Avion de Combat eXperimentale) which would later become the Rafale. By 1981 it became clear that the ECF project was doomed to failure with no aircraft meeting all the diverse requirements.

 ACA and EAP

Click image for large view Tri-national ACA © BAE Systems

At the same time as Britain, Germany and France were working on the joint ECF and their own aircraft, Italy was also investigating future fighter designs. After the failure of ECF in 1981, the three Panavia nations (Britain, Germany and Italy) linked their studies under the Agile Combat Aircraft (ACA) programme. The project and its associated demonstrators were to be a Panavia run study however the German and Italian governments withdrew funding. In 1982, the British MoD announced that it would help fund the ACA programme and the construction of a single UK based demonstrator, the Experimental Aircraft Program (EAP). In total the UK MoD contributed some £80million, the rest came from BAe, determined to stay with the project both MBB and Aeritalia also contributed to the EAP.

EAP takes shape

The official EAP construction contract was signed in May 1983 and a first flight date of mid-1986 was set. The design of the demonstrator drew on experience from all of the previous programmes (P.106, P.110 and TFK-90). The final solution was a low set cranked canard-delta wing with a single fin powered by twin engines fed via an intake mounted in the ventral position. The programme was to examine a range of technologies, from advanced materials through to highly unstable aerodynamics requiring digital flight control systems. Extensive use of composite materials such as Carbon Fibre Composite (CFC) was made combined with the development of Super-Plastic Formed, Diffusion Bonded (SPFDB) Titanium. Of most importance for the study was the development of a highly robust digital flight control system (DFCS). Both BAe and MBB had experience of digital flight control having operated the Jaguar ACT (Active Control Technologies) and Starfighter CCV (Control Configured Vehicle) demonstrators respectively. However, the EAP was designed to be far more unstable in the pitch axis than either the CCV or ACT.

EAP © BAE Systems

On the 27^th of October 1985 the EAP was towed out of the assembly hall at BAe Warton. Its first flight would be almost a year later in August 1986 with BAe Chief Test Pilot Dave Eagles at the controls. On this first flight it achieved supersonic velocities (mach 1.1) and completed high altitude manoeuvres. The EAP would fly for some five years making its final flight on May 1^st 1991. It carried out 259 sorties and amassed some 195 hours and 21 minutes of flight time reaching velocities of mach 2+ and angles of attack of over 35 degrees in controlled flight. Overall, the EAP successfully demonstrated a number of technologies to be used in Eurofighter such as the DFCS and use of composite materials. In addition, valuable data was obtained on low observability using BAe's radar signature range at Warton.

 F/EFA

After the failure of the ECF and during the EAP development phase, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Spain once again tried to initiate a joint fighter programme. At the end of 1983 proposals for a Future European Fighter Aircraft (F/EFA) were unveiled. Once again though, the differences in requirements between the member nations threw the project into chaos. The F/EFA project called for a STOL (Short Take Off and Landing) twin engine air superiority fighter optimised for Beyond Visual Range (BVR) combat but retaining a ground attack capability. France however wanted a small lightweight system which may operate from its aircraft carriers. In addition they wanted a guaranteed 50% workshare and overall control of the project, these were of course unacceptable terms to Britain and Germany. All these problems came to a head in August 1985 during a meeting in Italy. The three Panavia nations (Britain, Germany and Italy) left the five nation F/EFA project and formed a new EFA programme. France of course went on alone to design the Rafale but Spain later rejoined the three other members. In June 1986 Eurofighter was born as a collaborative project between Britain, Germany, Italy and Spain. The initial agreed project workshares (based on future orders) gave Britain and Germany 33% each, Italy 21% and Spain 13%.

Development begins

Development now proceeded quickly, Rolls-Royce, MTU, FiatAvio and ITP formed EuroJet Turbo GmbH in the same year to produce a new engine for the aircraft. Contracts for both the airframe and engines were signed in November 1988 following the issuing of the European Staff Requirement Development, or ESR(D) which set out the Eurofighter's operational requirements. The RAF had called for a low observable, twin engine, highly agile single seat fighter using state of art systems combined with STOL performance, optimised for BVR operation. Following the airframe award came the primary sensor contract for the radar, this was awarded to EuroRADAR (GEC-Marconi, DASA, Inisel and FIAR) in 1990. However, the good times were soon to come to an end.

 N/EFA

In late 1990 it became apparent that Germany were less than happy about continuing with the project. The Luftwaffe were instructed to find other solutions and look at cheaper implementations of EFA. The German concerns over Eurofighter came to a head in July 1992 when they announced their decision to leave the project. At the same time the RAF were being questioned over their need of so many fighters. All the uncertainties led to Spain and Italy suspending development in early October of that year.

The Eurofighter consortium was quick to examine alternatives to the current EFA in an attempt to keep Germany with the project. In total some seven reduced versions of EFA were studied. Only the two single engine variants were cheaper than EFA and none matched its performance. Therefore, to meet the German's required 30% cost reduction the Luftwaffe were allowed to fit alternative cheaper systems (such as the APG-65 rather than the ECR-90) and to delay service entry by two years. This New EFA (N/EFA), which for everyone but Germany was effectively the old EFA was given the official go ahead as Eurofighter 2000 in December 1992.

 Eurofighter 2000

Once again development proceeded quickly. The first two Development Aircraft (referred to as DAs) had started construction in Germany and Britain. Following embarrassing failures of the YF-22 and SAAB Gripen due to FCS failures, it was decided that Eurofighter's first flight would be delayed. After all, a crash on its first flight over a German airfield would do little to help its cause. So, much of 1993 was spent re-checking the flight software. Although the BAe DA2 was the first to be completed the DASA DA1 was the first to fly. On the 27^th March 1994 at Manching, Germany, Peter Wegel took the controls of the DA1 for a 40 minute flight covering handling and systems checks. Just 10 days later, DA2 took to the air at BAe Warton with BAe AirOps director Chris Yeo at the controls for a 50 minute flight. The reactions from both pilots were excellent.

The DA construction program accelerated (even with certain delays). The next major step in the flight program came with the Italian DA3 which flew on the 4^th June 1995. This prototype was the first to be fitted with the EJ200, the new powerplant developed specifically for the Eurofighter. The BAe DA2 was placed on static display at the Paris airshow in June 1995 and three days after Paris on June 15^th the DA2 went supersonic. The first public flying demonstration was in July at the IAT Fairford. The other prototypes, DA6 (the first two seater), DA5 (the first to be fitted with the ECR-90 radar), DA7 and DA4 followed from August 1996 through to March 1997.

Last minute problems ...

Further problems arose throughout 1995 concerning workshare. Since the formation of Eurofighter the workshare split had been left at the 33/33/21/13 (UK/Germany/Italy/Spain) decided upon initially. However, all the nations had reduced their orders to some extent. Germany had cut its requirement from 250 to 140, Britain from 250 to 232, Italy from 165 to 130 (although it was really 121) and Spain from 100 to 87. According to these requirements the split should be 39/24/22/15 UK/Germany/Italy/Spain, Germany were however unwilling to give up such a large amount work. In January 1996 a compromise was reached whereby Germany would take another 40 aircraft from 2012 and a new workshare of 30%, the eventual splits becoming 37/30/20/13. The next major (belated) breakthrough came at the Farnborough airshow in September 1996 when the UK announced funding for the construction phase of the project. Spain confirmed its order in November but Germany again delayed its decision. After much diplomatic activity between Britain and Germany, an interim funding arrangement of DM100million was contributed by the German government in July 1997 to continue flight trials. Further pressure finally resulted in German approval to purchase the Eurofighter in October 1997. It has also become apparent that the cost reductions requested by Germany have all been dropped, thus the German aircraft will also use the ECR-90 radar.

 Almost there ...

In December of 1997 the Defence Ministers of Germany, Britain, Italy and Spain met in Bonn to sign Memorandum of Understanding 6 and 7, Eurofighter had entered the production phase, 10 years after the RAF originally wanted it to enter service. First deliveries to each nations evaluation/integration centres was put at December 2001 for Britain and early 2002 for the others. Final order numbers were set at; 232 (37.5%) to Britain, 180 (29%) to Germany, 121 (19.5%) to Italy and 87 (14%) to Spain.

The costs ...

In January 1998, Eurofighter GmbH and EuroJet Turbo GmbH signed production, production investment and support contracts for these 620 aircraft worth ~$32B (billion U.S dollars), pricing each aircraft at some £33M ($50M). In a written response by Robert Walmsley (the Chief Executive for Defence Procurement in the UK) to a House of Commons question on the 6^th of July 1999 stated that the current total UK program cost at current (1998/99) prices was £16.1B. Assuming that R&D still accounts for £4.4B (as it did for 1997/98 prices) each RAF aircraft (inclusive of all non-R&D costs) sits at £50.5M ($79.6M). According to the RAF the actual unit cost of each aircraft will be around £40-45M ($62.4M-70.2M). Why three different prices? Well it must be remembered that no standard Eurofighter exists, each nation can modify the basic system to fit their requirements. For price comparisons though a good estimate would be between £40million and £50million since the RAF model will offer the highest basic specification.

The final few pieces ...

Now that the Eurofighter has finally entered the production phase a chapter can be closed on the project. However, it is by no means the end of development. Of prime importance is the avionics software which will remain under development for some time to come. The initial deliveries of Tranche-1 for example will only be supplied with software designed to enable pilot training and conversion. Later builds will see this extended to cover the full capabilities of the aircraft as the first squadrons form in 2005.

 Overseas sales

In addition to Eurofighter's entry into service with the four consortium nations there are possibilities for export sales. At present a number of countries have expressed an interest in purchasing the aircraft including; Australia, Chile, Brazil, South Korea, Saudi Arabia and Turkey.

Greece chooses Eurofighter

In February 1999 Greece announced its decision to open discussions with Eurofighter with the intention to purchase between 60 and 90 fighters. Unfortunately while Greece has continued to commit itself to its announced purchase it has postponed any contract signing till after the Olympic games in 2004. Before this announcement Norway was the most promising potential customer. In February 1999 Norway requested Eurofighter GmbH to officially bid for its requirement of around 20 fighters, in addition Lockheed Martin were asked to bid with the F-16 (the Rafale and Gripen having been ruled out). As with the Greek bid tight economics caused Norway to subsequently cancel the bidding process. Instead they have announced an intention to re-open bidding at some future point. However this will see order numbers increase from the twenty aircraft originally planned for to encompass an additional number. A third potential customer, South Korea looks set to select either Rafale or more likely, the F-15K.

However beyond these and one or two other possible sales the future is a little more murky. Several nations which had intended to open fighter replacement competitions have pushed back their schedules due to financial concerns. This increases the possibility of other aircraft becoming available for general export such as the F-22 Raptor, Joint Strike Fighter, FOAS, S-37, etc. Therefore although the outlook for overseas sales of the Typhoon is far from bleak it isn't quite as rosy as it once was.

 The future of Typhoon

Even though development of the entry level Eurofighter is now nearing completion there are a number of system-wide upgrades either planned or underway. For example the ECR-90 will go through a series of upgrades improving resolution and ECCM before finally it is replaced with an all new solid-state phased array, AMSAR. The EJ200 powerplants also have the capability to be upgraded in both the area of increased thrust and the fitting of a newly designed 3D thrust vectoring control system. These are combined with a contractual requirement that the Typhoon be capable of 100% growth in avionics bus data traffic, 10% growth of equipment fit and a 25% increase in power demands.

Beyond specific upgrades there are several other projects underway which may result in Eurofighter being used in additional roles. In the UK there are currently two future aircraft projects underway, FOAS or the Future Offensive Air System to replace the IDS Tornado's and FJCA or Future Joint Combat Aircraft to replace RN and RAF Harrier's. Of these FOAS, a system intended to replace the Tornado IDS in use by Britain, Germany, Italy and Saudi Arabia is the least likely to evolve directly from the Eurofighter. Although BAe have said that a big wing Eurofighter study is underway which may be submitted as a FOAS solution it is very unlikely such a platform would meet demands on all aspect stealth.

Naval Eurofighter © BAE Systems

The second application, FJCA was a more promising project. The biggest issues in this case are strengthening the landing gear and fuselage to allow arrested recovery of the aircraft and the marinisation of certain potential areas of corrosion. In the case of the former BAE Systems devised some novel solutions. For take-off the Typhoon's excellent short field performance combined with a ski jump ramp should allow for relatively short deck take-offs, removing the need for catapults. For recovery a number of studies were carried out, for example one looked at the use of fans to blow air across the deck while the aircraft lands. This would decrease the required landing velocity and therefore reduce the forces on the aircraft fuselage upon arrest. Other investigations examined linking the Typhoon's FCS to the pitch and roll of the carrier. This would allow automated flared landings to be carried out again reducing stresses on the aircraft.

Following an in-depth study of the various options available for FJCA; JSF, Naval Eurofighter, Rafale, F-18E/F or an entirely new aircraft the British MoD decided JSF (as either the STOVL or CV variant) was the best candidate. Unless something critical happens to JSF it looks unlikely that a navalised Eurofighter will ever operate from a Royal Navy aircraft carrier.

Sources :

[1] : BAE Systems, Warton, UK
[2] : Janes All the Worlds Aircraft 1997/98
[3] : Airforces Monthly, November 1997
[4] : Eurofighter 2000, Hugh Harkins, Key Publishing, 1997
[5] : Flug Revue On-Line